CentenniAL

Imagine an ALA Annual Conference where for six days you meet in one large room from 9:30 a.m. to only half past noon, after which you are free to go wandering around an exhibit and amusement area 13 times the size of Disney’s Magic Kingdom in Florida.

Imagine a conference where, after listening to a “characteristic address” by Melvil Dewey—“full of the enthusiasm of invention and the ardor of prophecy, which never fails to kindle a responsive spark in his audience”—you venture out to ride on the biggest Ferris Wheel in the world, eat a new-fangled treat called an ice cream cone, watch Alexander Graham Bell participate in a kite-flying contest, listen to rousing performances by John Philip Sousa’s band, or thrill to reenactments of Spanish-American War naval battles and the Boer War Battle of Colenso.

October 17–22, 1904, was American Library Association Week at the St. Louis World’s Fair, formally known as the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in commemoration of Thomas Jefferson’s acquisition of most of the Midwest 100 years earlier. Like many other organizations, ALA saw the fair as a wonderful opportunity to hold its annual meeting in a historic venue that offered unlimited educational benefits.

And, why not? ALA itself was founded and first met at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, then went on to meet in Chicago in 1893 for the World’s Columbian Exposition—although the conference arrangements there were a bit chaotic and attendees apparently goofed off more than usual because they couldn’t get to the sessions. But St. Louis fair promoters were out to one-up Chicago in any way they could, and they made it easy for ALA to round up its members for the program. Library Journal (the official organ before the ALA Bulletin launched in 1907) reported in its November issue, “The great body of the audience came to listen and learn, and nothing could divert even the younger folk from that stern duty and pleasant privilege.”

The Inside Inn, where ALA attendees stayed.

The majority of the ALA attendees stayed at the Inside Inn, the only hotel that was actually inside the fairgrounds. Visitors could stay for as little as $1.50 per day on the European plan, or $3.00 per day on the American plan, which included three meals. Both plans covered admission to the fair, which ordinarily would cost 50 cents daily (the equivalent of $10 today). After a sweltering St. Louis summer, the weather had just started to turn in October, and some librarians complained about the hotel’s chilly beds and lack of elevators in a building that covered 10 acres and offered 2,257 rooms. (Little did they know that the Inside Inn, run by the soon-to-be-famous hotel magnate E. M. Statler, had lined each room with asbestos as a fire-protection measure.)

In the morning, conference-goers hopped on the Intramural Railway for 20 minutes to get to their meeting room in the Hall of Congresses, a large building with 40 auditoriums. The room was described as “pleasant and satisfactory, well ventilated, and with good acoustics” and ALA claimed that fair officials said no other convention “had been attended so largely and continuously” as the ALA sessions. The only mix-up occurred when deaf and blind writer and activist Helen Keller was assigned the ALA room by mistake for her speech, and attendees had to push through an overflow crowd to meet in a smaller room down the corridor.

Washington University’s Ridgley Hall, site of the World’s Fair Hall of Congresses, where ALA sessions were held.

Amazingly, you can still visit the very spot where ALA met and Helen Keller spoke. Washington University was about to move from downtown St. Louis to a site at the edge of the city when fair organizers asked about renting the newly constructed buildings in 1903 and 1904 as headquarters for the exposition. The university agreed and postponed its move until after the fair. One of the new buildings was the Hall of Congresses, which became the university’s Ridgley Hall in January 1905 and housed (appropriately) the main library until the 1960s. Ridgley Hall still stands and is the home of the departments of Germanic and Romance languages and literatures. The ALA meeting room was transformed first into Ridgley Library’s reading room, then into a lounge area, and now it endures as the renovated Holmes Lounge Café, said to be one of the most popular places to dine on campus.

An article titled “Seven Days at the St. Louis Fair: The Lighter Side of the Conference” appeared in Library Journal as part of the conference proceedings. Written by “One at Headquarters”—an ironic designation, since ALA at the time was without a central office, with correspondence handled by ALA Secretary James Ingersoll Wyer in Nebraska, the ALA Publishing Board in Boston, and the LJ editors in New York—the piece was probably penned by none other than LJ Editor and Founder Richard Rogers Bowker.

A view of the magnificent Sunken Gardens similar to that experienced by R. R. Bowker.

Bowker waxed eloquent about the fairgrounds, which he visited on Sunday when the fair was closed: “Seen thus, in stillness and comparative solitude, the Fair was a picture long to be remembered—the Sunken Gardens, bordered by the columned arcades of the great buildings on either side; the magnificent semicircle of the Colonnade of States outlining the noble terraces flanking Festival Hall; the vistas of cascades, lagoons, and beautiful structures, all grouped in harmony—at no other time were the magnitude and beauty of its conception so evident and overpowering.”

The Tyrolean Alps concession consisted of 21 buildings and gigantic, three-dimensional, painted mountains made of reinforced plaster of paris. Tony Faust of St. Louis and August Luchow of New York ran a 2,500-seat restaurant that ALA attendees adopted as their after-hours headquarters.

He also reveals that the magnificent Tyrolean Alps Restaurant became the after-hours “recognized headquarters of the Association,” set in an authentic Alpine village (complete with specially constructed fake mountains) where diners could drink beer or lemonade and listen to the melodies of “Kounzak’s magnificent orchestra.” In fact, Bowker admits to having so much fun there that he forgot he had been entrusted with tickets to an October 19 “moonlight launch trip on the lagoons during a special illumination of buildings and grounds” that made the fair “gleam with a many-colored radiance that made the sky look like black velvet and the moon seem insignificant.” He sheepishly turned up late for the event.

Another special perk arranged by the local committee was an evening at Hagenbeck’s Animal Circus and Zoological Paradise, which featured continuous animal extravaganzas in a 3,000-seat arena and such special shows as elephants plummeting down a gigantic water slide. “Somebody from Headquarters” (Bowker) arrived to distribute the tickets this time to librarians but was mistaken for a showman and not the “ALA man.” He wrote, “This is said to have hurt him cruelly, for he had hoped that he looked the bibliothecal part assigned to him on life’s stage.”

ALA officials stand in front of the Hall of Congresses at the St. Louis World’s Fair, 1904: (left to right) ALA President-Elect Ernest Cushing Richardson, former President Reuben Gold Thwaites, and ALA President Herbert Putnam. Richardson wears one of the white buttons that identifies him as an ALA conference attendee. Photo credit: ALA Archives.

Among the 577 attendees were 30 delegates from 17 foreign countries. One of the visitors was the droll L. Stanley Jast, librarian of Croydon (England) Public Library, whose memorable jest at the opening session bears repeating. After a welcoming oration by Fair President and former Missouri Governor David R. Francis, Jast responded on behalf of the overseas librarians, saying, “I am inclined to think, sir, that perhaps the two most valuable and satisfactory characteristic products of American civilization are the librarian, on the one hand, and the cocktail on the other. I will not attempt, sir, the delicate question of deciding which is best, but I am given to understand that some of us have sampled both and found them equally satisfactory and equally stimulating.”

The roster of U.S. librarians included no less than 26 former, current, or future ALA presidents who would span nearly a half century of Association history:

1889–90, Frederick M. Crunden (St. Louis PL)
1890–91, 1892–93, Melvil Dewey (State Library of New York)
1891–92, William Isaac Fletcher (Amherst College)
1894–95, Henry M. Utley (Detroit PL)
1896–97, William H. Brett (Cleveland PL)
1898–99, William Coolidge Lane (Harvard University)
1899–00, Reuben Gold Thwaites (Wisconsin Historical Society)
1900–01, Henry J. Carr (Scranton PL)
1903–04, Herbert Putnam (Librarian of Congress)
1904–05, Ernest Cushing Richardson (Princeton University)
1905–06, Frank P. Hill (Brooklyn PL)
1906–07, Clement Walker Andrews (John Crerar Library)
1907–08, Arthur Elmore Bostwick (New York PL)
1909–10, N. D. C. Hodges (Cincinnati PL)
1910–11, James Ingersoll Wyer Jr. (University of Nebraska)
1912–13, Henry E. Legler (Wisconsin Free Library Commission)
1915–16, Mary Wright Plummer (Pratt Institute)
1916–17, Walter L. Brown (Buffalo PL)
1917–18, Thomas L. Montgomery (Pennsylvania State Library)
1920–21, Alice S. Tyler (Iowa Library Commission)
1922–23, G. B. Utley (Baltimore Diocesan Library)
1924–25, Hermann H. B. Meyer (Astor Library)
1927–28, Carl B. Roden (Chicago PL)
1928–29, Linda A. Eastman (Cleveland PL)
1933–34, Gratia A. Countryman (Minneapolis PL)
1936–37, Malcolm Glenn Wyer (State University of Iowa)

I would be remiss if I didn’t mention ALA’s own exhibit at the St. Louis World’s Fair, which actually won an award. The ALA Model Library, installed in the Missouri Building, was run as a branch of the St. Louis Public Library and consisted of a collection of 5,000 volumes selected by ALA as essential, some 1,500 works by Missouri authors, and several thousand books, newspapers, and magazines from St. Louis PL. The books could circulate to exposition employees. Melvil Dewey’s Library Bureau supplied bookshelves, counters, desks, and tables, and the Library of Congress furnished cards for the catalog. The fair awarded ALA a “grand prize” for the Model Library and gave a gold medal to St Louis PL Director Frederick Crunden for his services at the exhibit.

Unfortunately, the Missouri Building was destroyed by a fire that broke out around 6 p.m. on November 19, less than two weeks before the fair closed. LJ reported in its January 1905 issue: “The bulk of the furniture and the books were at once removed from the building, and the only damage was to several hundred books which remained in the building and were ruined by water.... Mr. Crunden and other members of the Public Library staff reached the grounds shortly after the fire and assisted the salvage corps in protecting the books by tarpaulins.”

The Library of Congress also had an exhibit at the United States Government Building, featuring a sectional model of the library, a set of catalog cards showing the evolution from handwritten to printed cards, pages from President James Monroe’s journals, and a collection of Civil War music.

After St. Louis, ALA managed to hold its Annual Conference concurrently with a world’s fair in five more cities:

• Portland, Oregon, July 4–8, 1905, for the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition;
• Brussels, Belgium, August 28–31, 1910, for the Universal and Industrial Exposition;
• Berkeley, California, June 3–9, 1915, just across the bay from San Francisco’s Panama-Pacific International Exposition;
• Chicago, October 16–21, 1933, for the Century of Progress Exposition; and
• San Francisco, June 18–24, 1939, for the Golden Gate International Exposition.

But the St. Louis World’s Fair represented the first blossoming of 20th-century technology that emerged from the Victorian Era. The average American in 1904 rarely traveled 20 miles from home. Few living outside the major cities had any knowledge of the wider world or developing technologies. For many, it was their first chance to see airships, wireless telegraphy, baby incubators, massive displays of electrical lighting, or foreigners of any type. It was a perfect venue for an ALA conference.

—George M. Eberhart, Editor, American Libraries Direct

I've got a few quickies for today. More in-depth postings will return once the crush of deadlines for the June-July issue (incidentally, our official Centennial issue) is past.

More on Rossell
This information comes from Mary Miller of the ALA Archives at the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana. A circa-1960 biography on Beatrice Sawyer Rossell, the first named editor of the Bulletin of the American Library Assocation, reported that she studied at the New York State Library School and began her library work in Albany, New York. After serving as editor of the Bulletin and head of public relations for the ALA, she became the first official lobbyist for the Illinois Library Association. She also worked for 10 years as a library consultant for Field Enterprises, and as librarian at Way County Library in Petersburg, Ohio. By 1962, she was living in Phoenix, as evidenced by a letter she wrote to Carl Milam, former ALA secretary.

Early Photos

In an earlier post, I noted that I thought a photo of Hot Springs, Arkansas, in the January 1923 issue was the first picture published in the magazine.

Missed it by, well, 14 years.

I've since found pictures from the September 1909 issue. And the auspicious subject of those first photos?

Paper.

See, at the fifth general session of the 1909 Annual Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, one Cedric Chivers presented a paper titled "The Paper and Binding of Lending Library Books." Accompanying the published report were several photomicrographs of paper.

Two pairs of photomicrographs appear at right. The top set shows the transverse (above) and surface section of a "close, heavy, moderately calendered paper" praised for its close fibers and small air space." The bottom, however, shows the transverse and surface sections of a "thick, bulky, feather-weight antique." So if your paper looks like the one on the bottom, you know you've got problems.

But enough facetiousness; bookbinding was a highly visible issue in the Bulletin's early days, with an ALA Committee on Bookbinding whose reports regularly appeared in the magazine's pages.

Not-so-early photos

Apropos of nothing except historical interest, I'd like to share this photo of current ALA Executive Director Keith Michael Fiels (with Madison, Wisconsin, librarian Faith Miracle) from the November 1985 issue. It was taken at the sixth annual meeting of the White House Conference on Libraries and Information Services Taskforce September 12-14, 1985, in Princeton, N.J.; Fiels was at the time with the New Jersey State Library.

WHCLIS and WHCLIS II were also big events in their day, and their appearances in American Libraries will certainly be the topic of an upcoming post.

Finally...

Happy Bike-to-Work week! The cover of the September 1976 issue featured David P. Jensen, director of library services at Greensboro (N.C.) College, who biked 675 miles to ALA's Centennial Conference Fair in Chicago. I'd hoped to also include a photo of my bike—a delightful alternative to the trains here in Chicago—but a breakdown on Monday and the unlikelihood of being able to repair it before the weekend prevent that. Feh.

—Greg Landgraf, Editorial Assistant, American Libraries

In the early years, the Bulletin of the American Library Association usually published six issues per year, but it was primarily devoted to publishing the Annual Conference proceedings. (In 1907, for example, the proceedings took up the 326-page July issue. The other five issues totaled only 109 pages, and 65 of those were the ALA Handbook.)

There wasn't a huge amount of tech talk at those conferences, and what there was tended to touch on the subject only obliquely. A 1907 paper (page 163) by C. H. Brown, a reference librarian at Chicago's John Crerar library, titled "Use of Scientific and Technical Books," advocates for the value of technical collections (while dropping lines such as "Public libraries are useful to the women and children but not so much to the men. ... Women use books as playthings; men as tools."). The 1910 conference in Mackinac Island, Michigan, had an exhibition of such books (page 598), although Elwood McClelland, head of the committee that organized it, felt the need to apologize for how hastily prepared the exhibit was, noting that "Many of those interested have already found their way to it, probably more by reason of its accessibility than its merit." A 1908 survey (page 208) of the Pratt Institute's library school curriculum noted that business skills had been dropped from the program entirely, with the exception of typewriting, which had been made optional.

The first real coverage of technology itself comes in 1911, and outside the conference coverage. A two-paragraph story on page 45 of the May issue covers an informal conference of library educators, where attendees concluded that stereopticon slides could have use in library education, "if some means of obtaining them for temporary use by different schools could be effected, as the purchase of a large collection by any one school would be too expensive."

The year 1914 saw a bit more serious coverage of technology, as the Annual Conference in Washington, D.C., featured an exhibit of labor-saving devices, including typewriters; manifolding machines; machines for billing, dictating, and adding; and vacuum cleaners. One of two articles previewing the exhibits promised that "there will also be a number of devices shown which are not so widely known. Perhaps the most important of these will be the photographic copying machines." (May, page 65). Photostat and Rectigraph, two of the three major manufacturers of copiers at the time, demonstrated their products at the Exhibits.

The copiers were prominent enough to have a technical paper on the use of the Photostat machine presented at the 1916 conference, by Walter T. and Maude Kellerman Swingle of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (page 194).

Coverage of the exhibit was omitted from the conference proceedings, but a review in the November issue (page 507) by C. Seymour Thompson, who had coordinated the exhibit, called for the creation of a "clearing house" of information about such labor-saving devices. Work began on it, but, in 1917, the committee reported to Council that the work had been "unavoidably delayed" (Jan., page 30). The United States' entry into World War I put the Association's focus on the war, and it appears the work was never completed.

—Greg Landgraf, American Libraries editorial assistant.